UN chief
Ban Ki-moon’s dictum that our generation is the first that can end poverty but
the last that can act to avoid the worst climate change speaks to the fact that
cutting greenhouse gas emissions in time to prevent unmanageable rises in
temperature is the one assurance of keeping those hopes on track.
“More carbon
in the atmosphere equals more poverty. We cannot deliver sustainable
development without tackling climate change, and we cannot tackle climate
change without addressing the root causes of poverty, inequality and
unsustainable development patterns,” said Christiana Figueres, Executive
Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The
realisation that climate change and development are solvable only when seen as
inseparable is articulated in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, agreed
by nations last September at the UN in New York.
Achievement
of the Paris Agreement’s climate goals calls for unprecedented rates of
decarbonisation. The short 15 years to 2030 will need to deliver unprecedented
outcomes in terms of global well-being and poverty eradication.
Nothing
less will do than a massive global transformation to clean energy, restored
lands and societies pre-proofed against existing climate change.
“Key
actors across government, the private sector and civil society are shaping
their vision on how they can best contribute to that objective. We have a short
window of opportunity to align strategies and to sharpen the focus on the
urgency of implementation. Strategic approaches developed this year will shape
the overall path for years to come,” said Ms Figueres.
The SDGs
not only contain a distinct climate change goal (#13), but climate action is
also integral to the successful implementation of most of the other SDGs under
the agenda.
This
works in three fundamental ways that underpin the relation between the nature
of the climate change threat and aspirations for a better, safer, fairer
future.
Climate
and development are locked together through basic cause and effect, by the need
for an unprecedented transformation to a low-carbon economy and through the
demanding timetable of action necessary to stay well below a 2 degrees Celsius
temperature rise, with 1.5 degrees identified in the Paris Agreement as an even
safer line of defence.
These
three factors affect every goal.
Climate
Impacts Eat Away at Every Positive Human Goal
It will
clearly be impossible to end poverty in all its forms (Goal #1), if
temperatures are allowed to spiral out of control—emissions need to peak
globally in the next decade followed by a rapid decline, ending in a state
before 2100 where natural sinks like forests absorb the balance of human
emissions.
The same
is true for sustainable agriculture, water, oceans, biodiversity, human health
and well-being, resilient societies and cities (Goals #1,2,3, 6, 9,11 and 15).
New
investment especially must be directed at priorities which target both climate
and sustainability with indicators underpinning all the SDGs in mind including
climate.
A classic
example is investments in land restoration and forests. Forest cover not only
absorbs carbon dioxide but stabilizes soils, recycles nutrients, manages and
feeds river flows and harbours treasure troves of biodiversity including
pollinators - services which are all essential to alleviate poverty, sustain
healthy agriculture and protect species.
The
poorest and most marginalised people and communities, often women and children,
are already being hit hardest by climate impacts, which are preventing them
from attaining a decent quality of life or enjoying their basic human rights.
Climatic
changes are undermining food and nutrition security, keeping poor people in
poverty traps, and throwing back entire economies for years.
Impacts
on agriculture have a rapid knock-on effect on poverty. Under a scenario with
lower crop yields, countries like Bangladesh could experience a 15 percent
increase in poverty by 2030.
Water
resources are also at risk, as many expected climate impacts are water-related,
such as floods and droughts. Sanitation and water quality are both threatened
as storm run-off adds to sewage and could contaminate water supplies.
The
global insurance industry has already warned that a world drifting into the
temperature spaces above 2 degrees would become, quite literally, uninsurable.
Sustainability
Demands Rapid Progress to Low-Carbon State
At the
heart of the goals which promote sustainable development in energy, economic
and jobs growth, industry and infrastructure (Goals 7,8 and 9) is the
overwhelming requirement that it is done within a rapid transformation towards
low-carbon solutions.
This
transformation relies heavily on getting low-carbon technology and investment
deployed now because whatever we invest in today - be it power plant, road,
bridge, or tiny widget or component – can lock-in the emissions of that
investment for its lifetime.
The point
where human economic life becomes uninsurable is also the point at which
extreme climate impacts start to disrupt or destroy industries, structures,
supply chains and farming.
A
significant resource for both governments and business to gauge how returns on
climate and development investments can be maximised together lies in the
almost universal set of national climate action plans which are now to be
captured in legal form under the Paris Agreement.
The plans
are, in essence, blueprints of policy, actions and investment to take climate
action, suited to the individual economic needs of each country. Almost by
definition, they are also a roadmap towards more sustainable national futures.
Inequality,
Ignorance and Injustice Kill Effective Climate Action
The
remaining goals which look to achieve equality, education and justice for all
will also fail unless that aspiration includes equal opportunity to take
climate action, knowledge and skills on how to do so and a just protection from
the impacts of climate change within and between nations.
For
example, ensuring women’s full and effective participation and equal
opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political,
economic and public life has been shown to be a particularly effective catalyst
of climate action, including in poorest, most vulnerable countries.
Climate
change impacts inequality because the most disadvantaged groups are
particularly affected by climate hazards. It is a known statistic that when
they are socially or economically disadvantaged, more women die in hurricanes
and floods.
“There is
no longer climate action and development action, only sustainable, low-carbon
action,” said Christiana Figueres. “Growth can and must be decoupled from
fossil fuel consumption and impacts.”
“The only
plausible path after Paris is to direct human ingenuity, innovation and implementation
towards sustainable, low-carbon growth and development.”
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