The Ghanaian economy's cash cow is cocoa, which ranks second in
terms of foreign exchange earnings.
But the cocoa business is reeling under the threat of climate
change.
The nation has been pursuing climate-smart cocoa production
techniques, such as planting shade trees on cocoa farms, to assist sustainable
production.
However, the recent occurrence of illegal mining activities,
whereby miners destroy planted trees, farms, and water for irrigation, has
hampered these efforts.
The effects of irresponsible mining on the cocoa industry and
the costs associated with the fight against climate change are examined by Kofi
Adu Domfeh.
Farming Cocoa
Meet Fatima Osman, a 43-year-old farmer at Pakyi No.1 in the
Amansie West District of Ashanti region.
In the past 19 years, Fatima has supported her husband to farm
cocoa and other root and tuber crops like cassava, yam and plantain on their
three-acre farm.
“This is what we do to cater for ourselves and four children,”
she says. “Farming has been beneficial to us in these years. We are able to
take our children to school, take them to hospital when sick and save something
small with the rural bank”.
But recent developments on their farmland has got her worried.
Her only source of water for irrigation was the Akai Stream
which has been destroyed through illegal mining.
The water body is all muddy and milky, not fit to be used to
irrigate crops.
“The miners use the water to wash their gold,” said Fatima.
“Now, we only pray for the rains to cater for our crops”.
A bigger threat however stares the farmers in the face. These
illegal miners are gradually invading their cocoa plantation.
“They first came with an offer to compensate me to take over the
farm but I refused,” Fatima’s husband, 56-year-old Bawa Osman, narrated. “Now,
other farms are being invaded. We look helpless”.
Like most farmers in the community, Fatima and her husband are
not natives and therefore own no lands.
They have no say when the farmlands are being taken from them
for other purposes.
Traditional authorities have been blamed for selling out farmlands to illegal
miners.
Experts warn of dire socio-economic and climate change
consequences if cocoa farms continue to be excavated for gold.
The prized bean under threat
More than half of the chocolate consumed worldwide is produced
on cocoa plantations in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, where tens of thousands of
smallholder farmers supply lucrative fair-trade markets in industrialized
nations.
Ghana produces one million metric tons of cocoa on average per
harvest year when the weather is favorable and farming techniques have been
improved. However, when the soil is insufficiently fertile to support plant
development, production falls off.
Major obstacles to sustainability include nutrient loss and
sunburn. Temperatures are high due to climate change, and the cocoa plants
struggle because of the heat and the dearth of nutrients in the soil.
A steady increase in temperature, an extension of the dry
season, and a decrease in annual rainfall are being seen over the bulk of
Ghana's natural zones.
Climate scientists at the
Colombia-based International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT, have long
predicted that the expected increasing temperatures will lead to massive
declines in cocoa production in Ghana and other cocoa-growing areas in West
Africa by 2030.
Warmer conditions mean the
heat-sensitive cocoa trees will struggle to get enough water during the growing
season, curtailing the development of cocoa pods, containing the prized cocoa
bean.
Promoting a more beneficial Shade-Loving System
In order to improve yields, soil quality, water stream
preservation, and biodiversity, cocoa production has shifted from a "sun
loving system" to a more advantageous "shade loving system".
Farmers like Fatima and Bawa have been encouraged by government
policy to include trees in their cocoa production.
The Forestry Commission and the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD)
assist by supplying the farmers with tree seedlings to encourage afforestation
for improved productivity.
“We ask the farmers to combine the cocoa trees with timber
trees, high yielding economic trees. Once you have the timber trees on the
farm, they will be providing a lot of shade because cocoa is a forest plant and
it thrives best when it exists with other trees,” said COCOBOD Chief Executive,
Joseph Boahen Aidoo.
Bawa was excited to have received 40 pieces of economic trees,
in addition to some plantain suckers to plant in between his cocoa farm since
2014.
“After pegging the cocoa, you calculate the intervals and know
where to plant the trees,” he explained. “The trees have helped my cocoa to
grow very well”.
His production increased from an average 30 bags per acre to 43
bags of beans in the current harvest.
The phenomenon of illegal mining
COCOBOD’s investments in cocoa-growing areas are however under
siege of illegal mining activities, popularly known as ‘galamsey’.
Affected farmers are not only losing their cocoa plantations,
but shade trees received from the government to support their cash crop
production.
Traditionally, small scale mining has been part of Ghana’s
history but not until 1989 when the government recognized its legitimacy
through the Small-scale Mining Act (PNDCL 218), and later integrated in the
current Mining Act 703 (2006).
But with the dwindling opportunities in the formal gold mining
industry, there has been an upsurge in illegal mining, popularly known as
‘galamsey’ in the parts of Ghana.
In this operation, the miners have no license and no concession.
They however invade forests, farmlands and water bodies with heavy mining
equipment to exploit for gold ore with no regard to environmental protection.
Research
has shown about 12,000 hectares of cocoa land have been traded off for
artisanal small-scale mining in the Amansie West District of the Ashanti region
between 2010 and 2020.
A visit to the small farming community of Anyinamso reveals a
daring act of illegal mining in the path of water bodies.
Illegal miners have taken control of and destroyed the whole
river belt of the River Anyinam even as the government fights mining close to
water bodies.
In certain cases, illegal miners excavate trenches around their
crops, making it impossible to get to the farms.
An acre of cocoa plantation can be purchased for between
Gh10,000 and Gh25,000.
Sometimes the miners cut off those who wouldn't sell from their
crops, like Boakye Mensah.
“The miners do everything possible to frustrate us and force us
to sell out our farms, but we are determined not to give away our farms because
it is a legacy for us and the next generation,” he said.
Most farmers who sell their cocoa lands to the miners are
impoverished over time.
“We are appealing to the government to help control the destruction of cocoa
farms by these illegal miners. Every mined area here used to be a cocoa farm
that could have served our country well. But they have uprooted them all,” said
Boakye.
Dr. Shalom Addo-Danso of the Forestry Research
Institute of Ghana (FORIG) has studied the
actual impact of shade trees on various aspects of the cocoa system, including soil nutrient, yield, and carbon,
with the intention of influencing policy and providing the farmers with proof
of the value of growing and protecting trees on their farms.
He claims that illegal mining, a significant environmental
problem, and climate change are now posing a double threat to local communities
and landscapes.
Rainfall patterns are disturbed when water bodies within forests
are destroyed by the illegal miners.
“This, in the long-term, affects cocoa production because cocoa
cannot withstand drought. Therefore yields will be affected, trees will die and
incomes of the farmer will diminish,” he said.
The researcher is in favor of giving communities the tools they
need to understand how trees affect cocoa fields and the long-term effects of
removing them.
A bigger quantity of emissions are exposed by destroying cocoa
plantations and the ability for sequestration is lost as a result of climate
change, which results in the loss of the cocoa sink – average 70 tonnes of
carbon per hectare for a high agro-forestry cocoa system.
According to Dr. Winston Asante, a senior lecturer at the
Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources at KNUST, once these forest reserves
continue to experience increased illegal mining activities, the climate change
implications are observed on two fronts — the removal of carbon and the loss of
potentials for emissions combat.
Because they can no longer rely on the rains to farm and it
becomes more difficult to get non-timber forest products, the majority of
communities that live around forests see a negative impact on agriculture's
contribution to household resilience.
Because most of the forests are unavailable due to unlawful
mining, he noted, "their reliance on the forests as an alternative to
diversify their household income and food supplies is also compromised."
Ghana’s REDD+ and COCOBOD’s Dilemma
The Ghana Cocoa Board projects its annual cocoa output to rise
to 1.6million tonnes by 2026. But this is threatened by the activities of
illegal miners.
Its research has shown that several cocoa farms in the Western,
Ashanti and Eastern regions have been lost to illegal mining activities.
Out of the over 20,000-acre cocoa farms, more than 19,000
acres have been devastated by galamsey, representing 80 percent of the selected
cocoa farms destroyed between 2019 and 2020.
The Ghana Cocoa Forest REDD+ Programme is the world’s first commodity-based programme to reduce
emissions. The Programme aims to improve smallholder farmers’ livelihoods
through considerable yield increases and other benefit-sharing arrangements
while considerably reducing emissions brought on by deforestation and forest
degradation.
But as observed by Dr. Asante, illegal mining in cocoa farms
undermines the gains made under the Ghana Cocoa Forest REDD+ interventions.
Ghanaian farmers earn about 80% of household income from cocoa.
These farmers are already looking for means to build resilience to improve
their livelihoods beyond the climate impacts.
“If we see agroforestry as a good means to pursue cocoa farming,
not just for the resilience and sustainability of the cocoa farm, but also
because it holds implications for climate mitigation and adaptation for the farm
and then for the farmer, then we must begin to see these as a land use that
will bring interest and benefit that are competitive,” he said.
A lot of the farmers are willingly putting their cocoa farms
into illegal mining. The miners offer more money than the tangible benefits of
agroforestry, hence a lot of the farmers are impatient in giving out their
farms for income that they can use to improve their poverty levels.
Fatima and her husband, for instance, are afraid they may not
survive the onslaught of the illegal miners on their farm.
Authorities in the Amansie West District Assembly will not speak
on record but say they have been working with the central government’s
taskforce to clamp down on illegal mining.
During a recent visit to degraded sites in the Amansie area,
however, the Minister of Lands and Natural Resources, said “the fight against
illegal mining can be won if it is a collective action”.
Assuring the local assembly of the government’s support, Samuel
Abu Jinapor charged the various security councils to step up efforts in dealing
with the menace.
“How is it the case that such an operation can be mounted and
such level of devastation can happen when there is a district outfit of the
Minerals Commission which should have an inspectorate division?” he queried.
As the fight continues, Dr. Winston Asante expects the country’s
policy on tree tenure and ownership security to clearly be in the interest of
farmers who plant and nurture trees.
“As a country we still haven’t pursued agroforestry at the
policy level to the point where the farmer feels confident in the trees he has
planted,” he observed. “We still see trees in cocoa farms as timber for
exploitation. So these trees are given to contractors and concession holders to
come and cut,” he stated.
It has become imperative to urgently remedy the destruction
caused by illicit mining to the climate vulnerable cocoa plantations and
communities if cocoa is to remain the mainstay of the Ghanaian economy.
This report was completed as part of the Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development's 2022 Climate
Change Media Fellowship in West Africa with funding support from the Centre for Investigative Journalism’s Open Climate Reporting Initiative (OCRI).
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